What does a "red card" indicate in volleyball?

A "red card" in volleyball signifies a direct penalty indicating serious misconduct by a player or team official. When a player receives a red card, it typically results in the player being disqualified from the match, which can have significant implications for the team's performance and strategy. This card indicates that the violation is severe enough to necessitate immediate and clear disciplinary action, distinguishing it from lesser infractions that may only warrant a warning or coaching admonishment.

In contrast, a warning for minor infractions is typically indicated by a yellow card, which serves as a caution without the severe consequences associated with a red card. Signals for team substitutions or calls for a replay are not related to misconduct and would be indicated by different actions or signals by the referee. Thus, the role of the red card is crucial in maintaining the integrity and sportsmanship of the game.